Modifiable factors that alter the size of the hippocampus with ageing.

TitleModifiable factors that alter the size of the hippocampus with ageing.
Publication TypeJournal Article
Year of Publication2012
AuthorsFotuhi, M, Do, D, Jack, C
JournalNat Rev Neurol
Volume8
Issue4
Pagination189-202
Date Published2012 Mar 13
ISSN1759-4766
KeywordsAging, Atrophy, Hippocampus, Humans, Risk Factors
Abstract

The hippocampus is particularly vulnerable to the neurotoxic effects of obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypoxic brain injury, obstructive sleep apnoea, bipolar disorder, clinical depression and head trauma. Patients with these conditions often have smaller hippocampi and experience a greater degree of cognitive decline than individuals without these comorbidities. Moreover, hippocampal atrophy is an established indicator for conversion from the normal ageing process to developing mild cognitive impairment and dementia. As such, an important aim is to ascertain which modifiable factors can have a positive effect on the size of the hippocampus throughout life. Observational studies and preliminary clinical trials have raised the possibility that physical exercise, cognitive stimulation and treatment of general medical conditions can reverse age-related atrophy in the hippocampus, or even expand its size. An emerging concept--the dynamic polygon hypothesis--suggests that treatment of modifiable risk factors can increase the volume or prevent atrophy of the hippocampus. According to this hypothesis, a multidisciplinary approach, which involves strategies to both reduce neurotoxicity and increase neurogenesis, is likely to be successful in delaying the onset of cognitive impairment with ageing. Further research on the constellation of interventions that could be most effective is needed before recommendations can be made for implementing preventive and therapeutic strategies.

DOI10.1038/nrneurol.2012.27
Alternate JournalNat Rev Neurol
PubMed ID22410582